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p value

The probability that a particular result would have happened by chance.

Participatory Evaluation

“Improve program implementation and outcomes by actively engaging all stakeholders in the evaluation process”

W.K. Kellogg Foundation (2010) Evaluation Handbook
betterevaluation.org/en/resources/guides/budgets_checklist/kellogg_foundation_handbook

Placebo

A placebo is a fake or inactive intervention, received by the participants allocated to the control group in a clinical trial. It is indistinguishable from the active intervention received by patients in the experimental group. One definition is that use of a placebo describes what happens when you do nothing, so that in the context of a clinical trial, for instance, a placebo group could describe the natural history of a disorder without the intervention under test. It is the effect we see when we do nothing.

Positive predictive value (+PV)

The proportion of people with a positive test who have disease.

Positivism

This employs objectivity and is characterised by single truths; observation; measurable features and utilises quantitative methodologies. Its language is that of numbers.

Post-marketing surveillance

A procedure implemented after a drug has been licensed for public use, designed to provide information on the actual use of the drug for a given indication, and on the occurrence of side effects and adverse reactions. It’s a method for epidemiologic study of adverse drug reactions.

Post-test probability

The probability that a patient has the disorder of interest after the test result is known.

Pre-test probability

The probability that a patient has the disorder of interest prior to administering a test.

Prevalence

The baseline risk of a disorder in the population of interest.

Prevention

Prevention refers to measures taken by an individual or a society to prevent disease happening or its consequences. In general, prevention includes a wide range of interventions, aimed at reducing risks to health. These are grouped into three categories:

Primary prevention: refers to strategies used to prevent a disease happening in the first place. An example may be salt reduction to prevent an individual becoming hypertensive. Medication can be used in primary prevention such as the use of blood lowering or cholesterol lowering drugs to lower the risk of a stroke or heart attack.
Secondary prevention: refers to strategies used in those with an existing disease which prevent recurrence, or significant morbidity. For example, in someone who has a heart attack cholesterol lowering drugs are used to lower the risk of subsequent heart attack and death.
Tertiary prevention: refers to the prevention of long term chronic disease progression, physical deterioration and attendant suffering. For example, removing allergens which may aggravate asthmatic patients; screening for eye, renal, eye, and foot problems among diabetics to reduce the risks of complications.

Process Evaluation

“a study which aims to understand the functioning of an intervention, by examining implementation, mechanisms of impact, and contextual factors”

UK Medical Research Council (MRC) guidance (2014) Process Evaluation of Complex Interventions
mrc.ac.uk/documents/pdf/mrc-phsrn-process-evaluation-summary-guidance

Process Measure

“interactions between healthcare practitioner and patient; a series of actions, changes, or functions bringing about a result (such as mammography screening rate)”

“denotes what is actually being done in giving and receiving care”